Maroon communities emerged in many places in the Caribbean (St Vincent and Dominica, for example), but none were seen as such a great threat to the British as the Jamaican Maroons. [25] Beginning in the late 17th century, Jamaican Maroons consistently fought British colonists, leading to the First Maroon War (1728–1740).
Other maroons included Diamamouve and Madame Françoise. [35][36] Réunion[edit] The most important maroons on Réunion were Cimendef, Cotte, Dimitile and Maffate. [37] North America[edit] Canada[edit] Nova Scotia[edit] In the 1790s, about 600 Jamaican Maroons were deported to British settlements in Nova Scotia, where American slaves who had escaped from the United States were also resettled. Being unhappy with conditions, in 1800, a majority emigrated to what is now Sierra Leone in Africa. Caribbean[edit] Cuba[edit] In Cuba, escaped enslaved people joined refugee Taínos in the mountains to form maroon communities.
English: In short, the reports that I am contributing here confirm that cimarrón is an Indian word of Antillean origin, which was already used in the first third of the sixteenth century, and which has come to be another of the many Antillanisms that the conquest extended throughout the breadth of the continent and made to reflect on the metropolis itself.
^ Arrom, José Juan; García Arévalo, Manuel Antonio (1986). Cimarrón. Ediciones Fundación García-Arévalo. p. 30. Spanish: En resumen, los informes que aquí aporto confirman que cimarrón es un indigenismo de origen antillano, que se usaba ya en el primer tercio de siglo xvi, y que ha venido a resultar otro de los numerosos antillanismos que la conquista extendió por todo el ámbito del continente e hizo refluir sobre la propia metrópoli.
Spanish: Y si prestamos atención al testimonio de Oviedo cuando, después de haber vivido en la Española por muchos años, asevera que cimarrón «quiere decir, en la lengua desta isla, fugitivos», quedaría demostrado que nos hallamos, en efecto, ante un temprano préstamo de la lengua taina. » English: And if we pay attention to the testimony of Oviedo when, after having lived in Hispaniola for many years, he asserts that cimarrón "means, in the language of this island, fugitives", it would be demonstrated that we are, in fact, before an early loan of the Taíno language.
Here they grew in number as more enslaved people escaped from plantations and joined their bands. Seeking to separate themselves from colonisers, the maroons gained in power and amid increasing hostilities. They raided and pillaged plantations and harassed planters until the planters began to fear a massive revolt of the enslaved black people. [20] The early maroon communities were usually displaced. By 1700, maroons had disappeared from the smaller islands. Survival was always difficult, as the maroons had to fight off attackers as well as grow food.
[84] In the Guianas, escaped enslaved people, locally known as 'Bushinengues', fled to the interior and joined with indigenous peoples and created several independent tribes, among them the Saramaka, the Paramaka, the Ndyuka (Aukan), the Kwinti, the Aluku (Boni), and the Matawai. [85]: 295, [86] The Ndyuka were the first to sign a peace treaty offering them territorial autonomy in 1760. [87] In the 1770s, the Aluku also desired a peace treaty, but the Society of Suriname started a war against them, [88] resulting in a flight into French Guiana.
^ Price, Richard (1996). Maroon Societies: Rebel Slave Communities in the Americas. Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. xi–xii. ISBN 978-0-8018-5496-5. ^ Arrom, José Juan (1 January 2000). Estudios de lexicología antillana [Antillean Lexicology Studies] (in Spanish). Editorial de la Universidad de Puerto Rico. p. 128.
They often mixed with indigenous peoples, eventually evolving into separate creole cultures[1] such as the Garifuna and the Mascogos. Maroons surprised by dogs (1893) (Brussels) by Louis Samain. Etymology[edit] Maroon, which can have a more general sense of being abandoned without resources, entered English around the 1590s, from the French adjective marron, [2] meaning 'feral' or 'fugitive'. (Despite the same spelling, the meaning of 'reddish brown' for maroon did not appear until the late 1700s, perhaps influenced by the idea of maroon peoples. [3][4]) The American Spanish word cimarrón is also often given as the source of the English word maroon, used to describe the runaway slave communities in Florida, in the Great Dismal Swamp on the border of Virginia and North Carolina, on colonial islands of the Caribbean, and in other parts of the New World.
Another was the cumbe of Ocoyta, led by runaway Guillermo Ribas, which reportedly engaged in a number of attacks on the neighbouring towns of Chuspa and Panaquire. These Venezuelan maroons also traded in cocoa. Guillermo ran away in 1768, and formed a cumbe which included runaways of African and Indian origin. [100]: 65–67 The cumbe of Ocoyta was eventually destroyed in 1771. A military expedition led by German de Aguilera destroyed the settlement, killing Guillermo, but only succeeded in capturing eight adults and two children. The rest of the runaways withdrew into the surrounding forests, where they remained at large.
It offered ethnic Africans a chance to set up their community there, beginning in 1792. Around 1800, several hundred Jamaican maroons were transported to Freetown, the first settlement of Sierra Leone. Eventually, in the 1840s, about 200 Trelawny Maroons returned to Jamaica, and settled in the village of Flagstaff in the parish of St James, not far from Trelawny Town, which is now named Maroon Town, Jamaica.
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